高性能电池隔膜的研究进展及未来展望

Research Progress and Future Prospects of High-Performance Battery Separators

关键词:  电池隔膜  隔膜改性  新型隔膜材料  充放电性能  未来展望

Key Words:Battery separator  Separator modification  Novel separator materials  Charge-discharge performance  Future prospects

摘要:作为锂离子电池的核心组件之一，隔膜在正负电极间构建离子传输通道的同时，承担着防止电极接触引发热失控的重要职责。其微观结构特征直接关联电池的储能效率、运行可靠性及循环耐久性。在碳中和目标驱动下，动力电池技术正经历迭代升级。特别是新能源汽车产业扩张与智能电网储能需求激增对隔膜提出了更多要求与挑战，新能源汽车快充需求要求隔膜离子电导率达到4.5-5.0 mS/cm，通过纳米技术调控孔径分布0.03-0.12 μm，在180-200℃下保持隔膜结构稳定，循环次数≥5000次，具有优异的循环稳定性，此要求推动着新一代高效能电池系统的研发热潮，其中对于隔膜的要求和制备技术提出了更多挑战。本文系统总结了国内外在电池隔膜改性、新型电池隔膜材料领域研究的最新研究进展，分析了当前高性能电池隔膜发展存在的技术瓶颈与挑战以及未来的发展方向，旨在推动电池隔膜技术的快速发展，以满足未来能源需求的挑战。

Abstract:As one of the core components of lithium-ion batteries, the separator not only builds an ion transport channel between the positive and negative electrodes but also plays a crucial role in preventing electrode contact that could lead to thermal runaway. Its microstructure characteristics are directly related to the battery's energy storage efficiency, operational reliability, and cycle durability. Driven by the carbon neutrality goal, power battery technology is undergoing iterative upgrades. Particularly, the expansion of the new energy vehicle industry and the surging demand for energy storage in smart grids have placed more demands and challenges on separators. The fast-charging requirements of new energy vehicles demand that the separator's ionic conductivity reach 4.5-5.0 mS/cm, with pore size distribution controlled through nanotechnology at 0.03-0.12 μm, maintaining structural stability at 180-200℃, and having a cycle life of ≥5,000 times with excellent cycle stability. These requirements have sparked a research and development boom in the next-generation high-performance battery systems, presenting more challenges for separator requirements and manufacturing technologies.This review provides a reference for subsequent researchers in related fields, aiming to promote the rapid development of battery separator technology to meet the challenges of future energy demands.