摘要
木质素是具有三维无定型结构的天然高分子聚合物,以木质素为原料制备的木质素基吸附剂是木质素增值利用的重要途径之一。通过改性、复合等手段制备的生物炭、微球、凝胶等类型木素基吸附剂在工业废水处理方面有着广泛的应用。本文综述了木质素纤维化处理、制备活性炭、磁化处理等未改性木质素基吸附剂,胺化、磺化、酯化、接枝、共聚等手段处理的改性木质素基吸附剂以及与壳聚糖、甲壳素、TiO2、SiO2等物质复合制备的木质素基复合材料吸附剂的研究进展,并对木素基吸附剂的应用前景进行了展望。
随着社会城市化和工业化的不断发展,所产生的环境问题也愈发严重,水污染是当今环境问题中最严重的问题之一,其中工业水污染更是占了很大比例。在工业废水处理中,重金属离子和染料是比较典型的污染
木质素是一种主要由3种不同的苯丙基单元(如紫丁香基、愈创木基和对羟苯基)生成的酚类聚合物,具有三维无定型网状结构,在自然界中含量丰富,是含量仅次于纤维素的第二大生物聚合物;同时它也是植物细胞壁的三大组分之一,在植物中广泛存
木质素具有来源广、成本低、功能性强等特点,它也具有可与污染物作用的官能团,人们通过以木质素为原料对其进行物理、化学等处理来提高木质素基吸附剂的吸附能力,从而达到废水净化的目的。
田彪等
Zhang等
李明等
Gao等
Geng等
木质素本身具有可与污染物作用的官能团,而研究发
Wang等
Ge等

图1 新型木质素微球(LMS)的制备流程和SE
Fig. 1 Preparation process and SEM images of novel lignin microspheres (LMS
Wang等
Wang等

图2 新型阳离子生物吸附剂(QA-g-AL)的吸附机理和SEM
Fig. 2 Adsorption mechanism and SEM images of novel cationic biological adsorbent(QA-g-AL
Li等

图3 胺化改性助溶分级分离木质素吸附剂(A-CELF-L,LDMHs,MLS
Fig. 3 Amine-modified lignoadsorbent for separation and classification (A-CELF-L, LDMHs, MLS
Meng等
Li等
Wang等

图4 木质素基Fe3O4@木质素磺酸盐/酚醛核壳微球的制备及木质素基树脂(LBR)的形
Fig. 4 Preparation of lignin Fe3O4@lignin sulfonate/phenolic core-shell microspheres and morphology of LB
Liang等
Li等
Li等
Li等

图5 LXR、MAL的吸附机理及形
Fig. 5 Preparation process and morphology of LXR, MA
Qin等
Li等

图6 PLS、SSAL的制备及形
Fig. 6 Preparation and morphology of PLS, SSA
Ge等
Wang等
木质素基复合材料在去除废水中的重金属离子以及染料分子方面具有很大潜力,可以成为传统吸附剂的有效替代品。宋俊等
Albadarin等

图7 甲壳素/木质素吸附剂的吸附机
Fig. 7 Adsorption mechanism of Chitin/lignin adsorben
Wu等
Ma等
Wang等
Klapiszewski等
木质素是一种含量丰富、价格低廉的天然有机高分子,它具有生物可降解性、生物相容性以及大量的活性基团,具有良好的可资源化利用性。目前,木质素在化工、高分子材料、皮革等领域均有广泛应用,同时,木质素及其衍生物中酚羟基的大量存在使其在吸附材料方面也有了广泛应用。
虽然木质素基吸附剂能够对工业废水进行有效处理,但仍然有一些亟需解决的问题,例如制备的吸附剂缺乏可选择性和可再生性,所以未来可以对此进行研究,改变木质素基吸附剂的形态结构,制备出具有选择性吸附剂同时提高它的吸附性及可再生性;进一步提高木质素在吸附剂方面的应用,便于实现它的商业化利用,从而提高其经济价值。
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